15 drops tea tree essential oil. 2. 3) Using one of your dry, clean towels, blot the excess urine without scrubbing, as this will push the urine further into the mattress. Active Ingredients: 0. Lightly dust all affected areas with diatomaceous earth powder. Wash all sheets and bedding in HOT water. Every bug has their own dietary preferences, which drive the types of insecticides are used in an attempt. Slide your bed away from the wall to isolate your bed. Cold treatment may work, but can only be successful in the home environment if the freezer is set to 0 o F. Insecticides are an effective way to eradicate bed bugs, but not the only way. This includes germs, flies, fleas, bed bugs, roaches, bugs and, you guessed it, dust mites. Adult bed bugs are about 3/16-inch long and reddish-brown, with oval, flattened bodies. It can be used on a variety of hard, non-food contact surfaces such as doorknobs, light switches and stair. In general, you might need to avoid the room for about 30 minutes. Microban® X-580 Insitutional Spray Plus protects stored fabrics against textile destroying insects for 6 months! You best resourse for bedbug prevention is Microban X-580 with regular fabric cleaning. Microban Spray is a bed bug-killing solution in spray form. Wait 30 minutes to make sure it doesn't cause discoloration. 1. SurfacesLaundering. The dissolving action might be enough to kill some bedbugs, but alcohol. Remove parts that come off and get to steaming. *Limited to bacteria Microban is effective against. A Spray That’s 99. Remember to steam all the infected areas before applying Lysol spray. Spray carpets with a. Bedbugs can be dark yellow, red or brown. Dab hydrogen peroxide (3%) on the damp areas. Spray the area with Microban Disinfectant Spray until it is thoroughly saturated. Before EPA allows a bed bug claim on a label, the product must be supported by data to show the product will kill bed bugs when applied according to the label. To discourage them from crossing the carpet, use a concentrated tea tree oil spray. Bed bug infestations can happen rapidly, so learn how to get rid of bed bugs before they become a serious problem in your home. The lack of concrete evidence makes it challenging to rely solely on baking soda for bed bug control. Be sure to use a machine that can emit more than 200 degrees of high-pressure steam in order to effectively kill the bed bugs in your car. Gather hairbrushes, combs, headbands. 15% Pyrethrins, 0. Author. Lavender oil is used to address many pest problems, and bed bugs don’t like them either. Nov 11, 2023 Contents Are Bed Bugs Hard To Kill? How Long Does It Take To Kill a Bed Bug? Can You Ever Truly Get Rid of Bed Bugs? How To Kill Bed Bugs Bed bugs, the. It affects the bed bugs at the cellular level, disrupting their system and leading to death. When a bed bug infestation is discovered there are multiple methods for controlling it. The smaller wands will help you get to the bugs hiding in small cracks and seams. Similarly, one can even try killing the bed. Wash all of your bedding, including sheets, pillowcases, and blankets, in hot water to kill any bugs or eggs that may be present. BEST FOR UPHOLSTERY: Ortho Home Defense Max Bed Bug Killer. 98. $22 at Amazon. $22 at Amazon. In the water bottle, combine the bleach and water. Bed bugs are most active about an hour before dawn, although they can feed anytime if they are hungry. Use 120 °F (49 °C) water to wash clothing and linens. . Before you start pointing fingers at the reasons your home is infested or. tb1234. Reinfestation. Usage instructions for initial disinfection do not require air drying. Then, clean up the mess and go on with your day. Bed bugs are small, reddish-brown insects that feed on the blood of humans and animals. Once treatment is complete, it is critical you do not wash or vacuum your carpets for a minimum of two weeks - longer if possible. 7. Does Vinegar Kill Spiders on Contact? Yes, it does kill those insects. Microban 24 Sanitizing Spray is a 3-in-1 cleaner that keeps killing 99. Start your inspection by zeroing in on the headboard, looking for bed bugs, their exoskeletons, and black stains they leave on the edges or in the crevices of headboards, Tweed recommends. Does microban spray kill bed bugs. Two species eat human blood, usually. It also disinfects, eliminates odors and is proven to initially kill the virus that causes COVID-19 *. It mutates like real influenza does. It is important to note that Microban does not kill eggs, so it is important to treat all areas where bed bugs may be present. You may find bloodstains on your bedding and nightclothes. Advertisement. The effect of bed bug developmental stage, temperature, and CO 2 concentration on the minimum time to kill 100% of bed bugs was determined. Does microban kill bed bugs? Absolutely not! Using antimicrobials to eradicate bed bugs is actually very risky. Here’s the thing. Here are five things that may surprise you: 1. Fill the remaining space in the bottle with water, then mist the essential oil spray on your linens. This spray will instantly kill mites upon contact. It can be used on a variety of hard, non-food contact surfaces such as doorknobs. , shed skins, hatched eggs) on furniture and remove--this will also help in evaluating treatment success. It works by dehydrating the insects, which leads to their death. Heating items for a longer period of time can lower the kill point to around 122 degrees. Can UV C light kill bedbugs? Yes, UV C light can kill bedbugs. Pay close attention to seams, crevices, and cracks where bed bugs may hide. 3. However, dried spray on or around the bed would have no effect. It is also effective against other microorganisms, including viruses, fungi, and protozoa. 30 drops of cedarwood oil. Not a Standalone Solution. The heat will kill the bugs. You can also use a steam cleaner with a diffuser to kill bed bugs hiding in fabrics and. Put bags containing bedbugs in the freezer at 0°F (-17. Place in. In fact, one study found that vacuuming treated mattress dust could re-infection rates. You can also dust over carpets, baseboards, pet’s bedding, pillows, and other soft furnishings. Bed bugs can be easily removed by a do-it-yourselfer and can be kept under control within your budget and schedule. 1. 9% of bacteria on surfaces in your home for up to 24 hours **. It also provides a protective shield against. 5 lb batch of clothes, however, does not drop to 0 degrees F immediately. Mop your floor with a mixture of vinegar and water, in the ratio of 1:3, to remove fleas hidden there. To get rid of scabies mites you should wash your bedding in hot water (130 - 140 degrees) at least once a day, until you have. Mothballs contain naphthalene or paradichlorobenzene, which are chemicals that release fumes to repel insects. Most home owners read articles stating that boric acid works for ants, cockroaches, and other pests, and therefore it must work for bed bugs…. the inside of elbows or knees. Cimex lectularius L. While primarily used the contain odor-causing molecules to keep your home smelling fresh, the hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin found in Febreze is also an active ingredient that’s effective at killing pests like dust mites. Steam Cleaning; Tips for Preventing Bed Bugs; The Best Waysto Kill Bed Bugs; Video: does salt kill. Microban is not known to be effective against bed bugs. Washing items in water that's at least 120 F (48. When it comes to high temperatures, more than 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37. You can use vinegar to eliminate various bugs and insects like maggots, earwigs, and moths from your home. Microorganisms are. Spray it with an Insect Growth Regulator (IGR). Microban X-590 includes a tracer, which is especially important when proving compliance with local regulations for mattress treatment. Scabies spray mattress cleaners and disinfectant sprays will kill. Amanda Rose Newton. That’s not a realistic or practical route to take if you have an infestation. Confirm that the insects you see are bed bugs before applying any treatment. Pest experts use professional heating elements to kill bedbugs. diff germs are so small relative to our size that if you were the size of the state of California, a germ would be the size of a baseball home plate. 30% Permethrin, 0. Since mites love warmth and moisture, making your bed as soon as you wake up allows the dust mites to continue to grow and reproduce at maximum capacity. Rubbing alcohol, in. Chlorfenapyr is the only pesticide registered to kill bed bugs. Insect bites: Bites from mosquitoes, fleas, bed bugs, chiggers, and other mites, can look similar to scabies. The bug can no longer move energy between cells, which causes it to die. No. Created Date: 9/12/2018 10:55:46 AMFinding C. Pros and Cons of Using Salt to Kill Bed Bugs; Alternatives to Using Salt to Kill Bed Bugs; Step-by-Step Guide to Getting Rid of Bed Bugs; Comparing Salt to Other Bed Bug Treatments; Salt vs. As for the low temperatures, -13°F kills both adults and bed bug eggs in about several days. . Mix lavender oil with eucalyptus and rosemary oils and water to make a repellent spray. Microban 24 Sanitizing Spray is a 3-in-1 cleaner that keeps killing 99. Remove your bed sheets, pillowcases and bed covers and place them in the dryer at least 120 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 minutes. They also leave little dark brown or black spots from their poop, especially where they like to eat, like your bed. Microban disinfectant spray is not labeled to kill bed bugs or fleas and may not provide an adequate solution. ClimbUp Insect Interceptor Bed Bug Traps. Vacuuming can help you get rid of the bugs and their eggs at-a-go. Laundering the clothes for 20 minutes at a temperature above 120 0 F will kill all stages of bed bug life including eggs. It is not a guaranteed solution for eliminating a bed bug infestation, so it is best to seek the help of a professional pest control service. To kill bed bugs with heat, the room must be even hotter to ensure sustained heat reaches the bugs no matter where they are hiding. 5. If you use it on time and follow the procedure it will help to get rid of the bed bugs infestation. This chemical becomes deadly when it enters the insect’s body. That being said, lysol isn’t a recommended bed bug treatment, because lysol only kills when a large amount is physically sprayed onto bed bugs. Bed bugs don't bite through fabrics and won't make holes in your laundry. If the room is heavily infested, bed bugs can be in several different places. Microorganisms are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms, including eukaryotes such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes such as bacteria and certain algae. The best way to treat bed bug bites includes: Washing the bites gently with soap and water. 2 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 16 degrees Celsius) was needed to kill 100 percent of the bedbugs, the researchers found. Look for EPA-registered pesticides that have bed bugs listed on the label. Remove sheets, pillows, and any clothing, towels, stuffed animals, or textiles that may have been exposed to bedbugs, and carefully seal them up in heavy-duty garbage bags. For more pest control tips, c. Bear in mind, this may not eliminate bed bugs completely, but it will aid in preventing them from biting or reproducing. Carefully vacuum rugs, floors, upholstered furniture, bed frames, under beds, around bed legs, and all cracks and crevices around the room. Tea tree. The idea behind the success of this DIY bed bug treatment is the scent of the dryer sheets repels bed bugs. It depends. Scrub the area with soap and water and then disinfect it with one of the cleaners mentioned above. Reduce the number of bed bugs to reduce bites. The CDC recommends bleach to kill the stomach bug-causing norovirus on surfaces. In addition to asking companies about their success rate, you should also find out what types of products they use and. Heat treatments work by raising the temperature in your home, work space, hotel, or office to above 120° F; preferably between 125°F-140°F. Bed bugs in your hair are more likely to be a sign of lice in your head than anything else. Bed bugs are terrible pests. The Microban company also produces a disinfectant spray known as Microban 24 that can kill up to 99. The antimicrobial definition. Koehler PG, Pereira RM, Pfiester M, Hertz J. JT Eaton 217 Kills Bed Bugs Plus Aerosol Water Based Insect Spray. After treatment, sodium hypochlorite gradually kills pests. The most important thing to do when using food grade diatomaceous earth to kill bed bugs is to ensure all the places where bed bugs love to hide. Permethrin is an insecticide that’s used to kill scabies mites. Here’s how to make this natural solution: Mix one teaspoon each of cayenne pepper, ground ginger, and oregano oil. Make a simple spray by adding a few drops essential oil into a spray bottle filled with ½ cup (120 milliliters) of water. There are no magic sprays that kill bed bugs very well. Start using all your cleaning essentials. Microban is not known to be effective against bed bugs. Sodium Hypochlorite (Clorox Bleach) kills parvo. 46781-6. Once you wash your bedding, run it in a dryer on the highest temperature for at least 30 minutes. Bedbugs can't survive at these high temperatures, so it's best to. Created Date: 9/12/2018 10:55:46 AM Taking a shower with soap and water can reduce the C. These include Diatomaceous Earth and Boric Acid. Neem oil controls adult bed bugs, the nymph, and the eggs. Heat kills scabies, so wash the bedding in hot water and then dry it on high heat. A pest control specialist named Michael Nihill from Attack Exterminating Co. Bed bugs can survive for several months without feeding. While they may work for other pests like moths and silverfish, it is best to avoid. Microban spray is an effective way to kill bed bugs. (181) Write a review. Goes to Work Instantly . The heat will kill the bugs. There are both chemical and non-chemical approaches are available. 11. If you find bed bugs, strip your bed of its sheets and wash and dry them at the hottest temperatures possible, perhaps even more than once. C. People make the association and think that it can kill bed bugs in the same way. This will kill fleas, eggs, larvae, pupae as well as any flea dirt that remains on them. Remember to. From $26. Although these data may show that the pesticide can kill bed bugs, how well the pesticide works will depend on other factors including: the extent of the infestation, how. Here’s how you can use peppermint oil to kill cockroaches: Mix 15 drops of peppermint oil with 10 ounces of water. Bawden said linens and clothes must be heat-treated to kill the bedbugs. Place your clothing and linens into a dryer and wash them on hot with your usual detergent. Bed bugs can’t beat the McCulloch canister steam cleaner, which is jam-packed with bed bug–eliminating features. Some of these include: In the seams of chairs and couches. Permethrin affects the nervous system of. Question: Does heat get rid of bed bugs? Answer: Heat needs to be 118 F for 20 min to kill bed bugs. However, most of the time bed bugs contact the insecticide indirectly, meaning they walk on it during their evening search for a meal. 2. Pillows: Dry for 40 minutes on high heat. 5 mm. 2 days and, in the emergency department (ED), approximately every 4-5 days, resulting in significant institutional expense [2-5]. Dead bed bugs. You have to put it on the places where the bugs are, and the poison will kill them. Microban Spray is a bed bug-killing solution in spray form. Spray Lysol chemical on furniture, cracks, and frames where bedbugs typically hide. Run your vacuum over anywhere the bugs might be hiding, including your mattress, carpets and even your bedframe. Bloodstains. Heat treatment: Bed bugs can't survive in temperatures above 120°F, so exposing infested items to high heat can be an effective way to kill them. Steam cleaning should be done before vacuuming, as the steam will flush any bedbugs not killed out of hiding. Let’s shed some light on the subject and get a look at the cold hard facts about destroying bedbugs. Saturate the borax covered mattress with the water. The smell is stronger after a bug is killed. Look around your bed, near the mattress seam, or behind the headboard. Mixing:Use full strength. Bugmd is a pesticide that is designed to kill bugs on contact, including bed bugs. You can use your dryer or watching machine to kill bed bugs in clothes. But doing so requires more than a light spritz. Spray your furniture, beds, and carpets with the mixture after passing the test. First of all, you will still have this powder all around the house when you are done. You can use it as a deterrent by spritzing it on your mattress. If you or someone in your house is highly sensitive to chemicals, or you’re just not crazy about the idea of spraying chemicals where you sleep, kill the little blood suckers with heat. ” Homemade products could be dangerous and they might make the problem worse. 2. . Even if the scent of the dryer sheets does repulse bed bugs, they will often find a way around them to get to their food source. In fact, one study found that vacuuming treated mattress dust could re-infection rates. But, does Microban disinfectant kill bed bugs and fleas? Unfortunately, it may not be effective for this purpose. 9% Effective on Multiple Insects. Bay leaves have long been used to combat bugs and keep them from eating food and other sources. The first thing to understand about bed bugs is that their only food source is blood. It also provides a protective shield against. The researchers found that it took about 8 hours for the. Take all your quilts, duvets, pillows, blankets, and other bed coverings and put them in a dryer on very high heat for at least 45 minutes. Switch to plastic, sealed containers instead, such as these IRIS USA 12 Quart Stack & Pull Box ( $26, Amazon ), and keep the underside of your bed clear. The resurgence of bed bugs in American homes has caused many a sleepless night — but not everything you hear is true. The bug can no longer move energy between cells, which causes it to die. 5. Bleach Is Best. While these products may be effective against some types of bacteria and viruses, it is unclear whether they are effective at killing bed bugs. Insecticides are an effective way to eradicate bed bugs, but not the only way. Drench the area enough so that it is still wet after 10 minutes. About 70 percent of any bed bug infestation is associated with beds and furniture, pictures, and baseboards next to a bed. Mattress: Vacuum or Sticky Tape Lint Roll. Then tumble dry the items on the hottest setting for 30 minutes as the heat will kill any remaining bed bugs and their eggs. Their slim flat bodies allow them to fit into the smallest of spaces and stay there for long periods of time, even without a blood meal. Their. Bleach has however many more uses that are being discovered with time and one such use is killing bed bugs. Any bed bug sighting while combing your locks is likely a one-time result of misdirection or accident. Researchers found that the white dust sticks to the shell of bed bugs and is transferred to other bed bugs and nymphs. 2. They found that all stages of bed bugs were killed when exposed to temperatures of 140 degrees Fahrenheit, but that high of temperature is not always needed. Learn more about the bacteria, mold, yeast and other microbes that our antimicrobial technologies have been successfully tested against. Microban® X-580 Institutional Spray Plus kills roaches, fleas, ants, beetles, bedbugs, and their larvae. Although bed bugs are not considered fatal, an allergic reaction can be life threatening; therefore, if you experience an allergic reaction, you should seek medical attention. However, these fumes are not effective against bed bugs. Using Lysol around the house to dust is a common and worthwhile process, however, dust mites tend to be most common in our bedrooms and we can’t exactly “dust” our beds with spray and a cloth. Wrong. 1. Research at the University of Minnesota found that 76 percent of samples submitted for identification are not bed bugs. Its residual effect also ensures that any surviving bugs will come. At this rate, bed bug populations can double every 16 days. This will kill bed bugs, eggs, and larvae. Next, steam clean and vacuum the mattress, the bed frame, and the headboard. If the bite starts to swell or causes you pain, take an over-the-counter pain reliever. ), which is typically used to treat parasitic worms, may also kill bed bugs. While primarily used the contain odor-causing molecules to keep your home smelling fresh, the hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin found in Febreze is also an active ingredient that’s effective at killing pests like dust mites. You will realize that bleach has a very strong scent and some people even find it difficult to use it because of the smell. Blot and rub away spots with cold water to remove stains. Furniture and Scabies. Yes, lysol does kill bed bugs because it has active ingredients such as ethanol, ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol which is toxic to bed bugs and other insects. It effectively eliminates bed bugs on contact, providing a quick and convenient way to address. Sanitizes both hard & soft surfaces**. If you decide to use permethrin spray, be sure to follow the directions. It is this strong bad scent that suffocates the bed bugs. The key to roach control is a well-thought plan. 3 Increased DDT use outside of the military helped control bed bug populations and kept bed bugs scarce for many years. Here is what you need to do to use borax to rid yourself of these pests: Remove all of the bedding from the bed. See full list on healthline. This will ensure that the bugs get killed due to suffocation. 9% of bacteria on surfaces in your home for up to 24 hours **. Use a stiff brush to scrub mattress seams to remove bedbugs and their eggs. Nymphs and adult bed bugs, on the other hand, require even lower temperatures to be fatally affected. Furniture and Scabies. When it comes to hiding, bed bugs are outstanding. Extreme heat and cold are known bed bug killers. Be sure to wash hands thoroughly for. Reducing temperatures to -17 degrees C (0 degrees F) for 2 hours will kill all bed bug life stages (about the temperature of a chest freezer, not a refrigerator freezer). 4. It’s important to use high water temperature and high heat when drying. Sprinkle a generous amount of borax over the entire mattress, and fill up a plastic spray bottle with water. Bed bugs are unable to survive heat treatment and die at 120℉. Around the bed, they can be found near the piping, seams and tags of the mattress and box spring, and in cracks on the bed frame and headboard. Spray it around any known entry and exit points to discourage them from spreading. Even in small doses, microwaves can kill all bed bug stages. To emulsify the solution, add ½ teaspoon of soap. That doesn’t mean plant essential oil compounds are ineffective, Gondhalekar said. With fumigants, this difference was only 400 times. Best of all, in addition to being an effective scabies treatment, but is also highly successful in killing bed bugs, and getting rid of ticks, fleas, and a host of other insects. It is simply a tool that can be used to kill them if they are present. . Baking soda is a natural and effective way to kill bed bugs. They are: Here’s an expert opinion on using Lysol to kill bed bugs. Killing Bed Bugs with Heat: How It Works. 2. This may not be enough, though, so it's recommended that you place items in a clothes dryer on hot heat for at least 30 minutes. Heat treatment: Heat of 120 F for two hours will kill bedbugs. 2. (Beyond Pesticides, November 16, 2012) New research suggests that the drug Stromectal (manufactured by Merck & Co. If you or someone in your house is highly sensitive to chemicals, or you’re just not crazy about the idea of spraying chemicals where you sleep, kill the little blood suckers with heat. Many home refrigerator freezers are not cold enough to kill bed bugs. Is Microban Good for Bed Bugs? Microban X-590 is a popular choice for those looking to fight off bed bugs. These creatures can live at least a week and they can. 2) Pour a 50/50 mix of vinegar and water into the spray bottle. Dr. To kill bed bugs, you’d have to douse the insects in the disinfectant. Pile baking soda in a thick layer all around your bed’s legs; the bugs will have to crawl through it will soon fall victim to the soda’s deadly effects. Pesticides; Salt vs. Cons: Since it’s a slow-acting pesticide, it can take at least one week to kill bed bugs. Four very effective, scientifically developed chemicals are combined in Raid Multi Insect Killer to target the neurological systems of bed bugs, flea, lice, fruit fly, dust mites, lice, clothing moths, and carpet bugs. This steam cleaner produces an adjustable steam output of 210-220 °F. Look for Bed Bugs: Aside from fecal stains, look for bed bugs themselves. However, when it comes to bed bugs and mites, there is limited research on its effectiveness. Alcohol works two ways to kill bedbugs. Caviwipes (wipes) – 3 Minute Contact Time – EPA. DO Use Hot and Cold to Kill Bed Bugs. Start by treating with high heat to kill bugs and their eggs. Concentrations above 1 percent killed all bed bugs within four days. He said that if you live in a hot climate such as Arizona, you may be able. Apply a hot iron to the surface without placing too much pressure, in order to avoid scorching. Unfortunately, Lysol isn’t as effective against bed bugs as some assume. 4. The active ingredients in essential oils — thymol from thyme, carvacrol from oregano and thyme, eugenol from clove, and others — worked equally against resistant and non-resistant bugs. The science behind this process is simple: baking soda absorbs moisture from the air, creating an environment that’s too dry for bed bugs to survive in. $22 at Amazon. Spray Lysol disinfectant to kill the remnant bedbug eggs and any adult bugs hiding in your bed. Decorative Pillows: Bag up for 48 hours. Can Microban be used on kitchen counters? Microban® offers customized antimicrobial treatments that can be integrated into hundreds of kitchen products and surfaces such as countertops, kitchen appliances, flooring, sinkware, utensils, and. You can use either apple cider vinegar or white vinegar to get rid of fleas inside your home. Does microban kill bed bugs? Absolutely not! Using antimicrobials to eradicate bed bugs is actually very risky. This amount can affect the parasites but is quite low compared to cleaning products (up to 100%). Yes, there are Microban® products designed to kill existing mold on surfaces. ClimbUp Insect Interceptor Bed Bug Traps. The Best Way To Get Rid Of Bed Bugs. 9 percent of bacteria and viruses on a surface. The active ingredient in Bugmd is natural and non-toxic, making it safe for use around humans and pets. One study into the effect of essential oils and their use for insect and bug control found that a combination of lavender oil and peppermint oil effectively kills off insects. *. Does Bleach Kill Bed Bugs and Their Eggs? Yes. Discover more. Spray bottle. Identifying bed bugs. Wash your bedding. These red bite marks can swell up into blisters and become very itchy. Some studies suggest that Microban can kill dust mites, but there is no evidence to suggest that it can effectively eliminate bed bugs. To kill bed bugs quickly, rub rubbing alcohol, also known as isopropyl alcohol, on them. They’re flat with. An adult bed bug needs only about 118°F (48°C) for complete lethality within 90 minutes. g. Technically, yes, hydrogen peroxide will kill bed bugs. These products sanitize mattresses as well as kill any bedbugs and eggs on contact. Cover any carpeted areas 3-5 times to clean them thoroughly. Instructions: 1) Remove the bed sheets and wash them following the care label. They generally lay eggs in a hiding location (like bedding) not on animals or humans. It can be used to kill and control the proliferation of ticks, mosquitos, bugs, and fleas amongst others. Make sure that all areas are absolutely dry and free from moisture. Biochemicals: Cold-pressed Neem oil is the only highly recommended biochemical for eliminating bed bugs. Post-treatment, your pest control specialist will recommend the use of special encasements (bed-bug-proof covers) to cover your mattress and box spring.